Drilling av nkos

Drilling txheej txheem thiab tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv Drilling​

1.Introduction

Drilling yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj, nrog rau lwm yam xws li geothermal zog extraction thiab dej zoo tsim. Cov txheej txheem suav nrog kev tsim lub qhov tob hauv lub ntiaj teb crust kom nkag tau cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, ntau yam tshuaj ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig, kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm drilling. Kab lus no qhia txog cov txheej txheem drilling thiab cov tshuaj tseem ceeb siv nyob rau txhua theem

Txoj Kev Drilling

2. Kev npaj ua ntej drilling

• Qhov Chaw Xaiv thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb: Thawj kauj ruam yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw tsim nyog drilling. Geologists ua cov kev tshawb fawb dav siv cov tswv yim xws li seismic imaging, gravity thiab magnetic surveys, thiab zoo-log tsom xam los ntawm cov qhov dej nyob ze. Qhov no yuav pab txiav txim seb qhov chaw muaj peev xwm ntawm cov roj, roj, lossis lwm yam kev pab. Thaum xaiv qhov chaw, thaj chaw raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua qhov teeb meem, thiab kev nkag mus tau raug tsim los pab txhawb kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv.
• Zoo Tsim: Engineers tsim lub qhov dej raws li cov ntaub ntawv geological thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm drilling. Cov qauv tsim suav nrog kev txiav txim siab lub qhov dej qhov tob, txoj kab uas hla, thiab txoj kev taug kev (ntu, sib txawv, lossis kab rov tav). Kev txiav txim siab kuj tau muab rau yam xws li hom kev tsim los ntawm kev xyaum, qhov xav tau siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias, thiab qhov xav tau ntawm cov casing thiab cementing los txhawb lub qhov dej.

 

2.2 Nto Qhov Drilling

 

• Kev teeb tsa Rig: Lub tshuab drilling yog tsim los ntawm qhov chaw. Lub rig muaj ntau yam khoom, nrog rau cov derrick rau hoisting thiab txo cov hlua tho, lub zog los tsav cov cuab yeej drilling, thiab cov av nkos rau cov dej ntws tawm. Cov hlua tho, uas yog cov kav dej sib txuas, tau sib sau ua ke thiab txo qis rau hauv qhov dej.
•  Pib Drilling: Cov txheej txheem drilling pib nrog kev siv lub qhov loj - txoj kab uas hla me ntsis los tho qhov saum npoo. Qhov no feem ntau yog ntiav thiab yog siv los txhim kho lub casing nto. Lub qhov rooj saum npoo muab cov qauv kev txhawb nqa rau lub qhov dej, tiv thaiv cov dej saum npoo los ntawm kev nkag mus rau qhov dej, thiab ua haujlwm raws li cov lus qhia rau kev ua haujlwm tom ntej. Thaum lub sijhawm no, cov kua dej drilling, tseem hu ua av nkos, txuas ntxiv mus los ntawm txoj hlua tho thiab tawm ntawm qhov me me. Cov av nkos txias thiab lubricates me ntsis, nqa cov txiav (pob zeb tawg) rau saum npoo, thiab pab tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm qhov dej.

2.3 Nruab nrab thiab Ntau Lawm Qhov Drilling

• Hloov cov khoom thiab casing: Raws li lub qhov dej drilled ntxaum, me me - txoj kab uas hla me me yog siv los laum los ntawm txawv formations. Intermediate casing yog ntsia rau ntawm lub sijhawm tsim nyog los txhawb lub qhov dej thiab cais cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Qhov no yuav pab tswj kev ntxhov siab thiab tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej. Cov txheej txheem drilling txuas ntxiv mus, nrog cov av nkos tas li hloov kho rau cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem raug drilled.
• Directional Drilling (yog tias tsim nyog): Qee qhov xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv drilling lossis thaum lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chaw cia khoom, cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia drilling yog ua haujlwm. Qhov no suav nrog kev siv cov cuab yeej downhole tshwj xeeb los tswj cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub laum me ntsis, tso cai rau lub qhov dej mus txog qhov chaw uas xav tau nyob rau hauv subsurface. Cov kua dej drilling ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev taw qhia drilling los ntawm kev muab cov khoom tsim nyog lubrication rau txoj hlua laum kom khoov thiab hloov cov kev taw qhia.

2.4 Ua tiav thiab Kev Xeem

• Maas: Thaum lub qhov dej tau mus txog qhov tob uas xav tau, cementing yog nqa tawm. Cement yog pumped down the annulus (qhov chaw ntawm lub laum txoj hlua thiab lub qhov dej los yog ntawm cov casings sib txawv) los muab lub qhov dej thiab khi lub casing rau cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig. Qhov no muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv rau lub qhov dej, tiv thaiv cov dej tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv, thiab pab cais thaj chaw tsim khoom.
• Zoo Ua tiav: Tom qab cementing, lub qhov dej tiav lawm. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev txhim kho cov tubing ntau lawm, cov cuab yeej siv lub taub hau, thiab lwm yam khoom tsim nyog rau kev rho tawm cov roj, roj, lossis lwm yam khoom siv. Tom qab ntawd lub qhov dej yuav raug sim los txiav txim siab nws cov khoom tsim tau thiab xyuas kom nws ua tau raws li qhov xav tau kev nyab xeeb thiab cov qauv zoo

3. Cov tshuaj siv hauv Drilling

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3.1 Drilling Fluid Additives

• Cov viscosifiers: Cov viscosifiers ntxiv rau cov kua dej drilling kom nws cov viscosity nce. Qhov no yuav pab tshem tawm cov txiav thiab tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev rov qab mus rau hauv qhov dej. Cov viscosifiers muaj xws li bentonite av nplaum, xanthan gum, thiab carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Bentonite av nplaum, ib hom av nplaum o, nqus dej thiab tsim cov gel - zoo li cov qauv uas ua rau kom cov viscosity ntawm cov dej drilling. Xanthan gum, polysaccharide tsim los ntawm cov kab mob, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tswj cov viscosity txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias.
• Tus neeg saib xyuas qhov hnyav: Cov khoom hnyav yog siv los ua kom qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov dej drilling. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tswj lub siab nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov kua (xws li roj, roj, los yog dej) los ntawm ntws mus rau hauv lub qhov dej. Barite (barium sulfate) yog cov khoom siv hnyav tshaj plaws. Nws muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim ntxiv rau cov kua dej drilling los kho nws qhov ceev raws li xav tau. Lwm cov khoom hnyav suav nrog hematite thiab ilmenite
• Lim Reducers: Filtrate reducers yog ntxiv rau cov kua dej drilling kom txo cov kua dej uas lim rau hauv kev tsim. Qhov no pab tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub qhov dej thiab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau kev tsim. Polymers xws li polyanionic cellulose (PAC) thiab hluavtaws polymers feem ntau yog siv los ua filtrate reducers. Lawv tsim ib lub ncuav mog qab zib nyias, impermeable lim rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov dej, txo cov kua dej.
• lubricants: Lubricants tau ntxiv rau cov dej drilling kom txo tau kev sib txhuam ntawm cov hlua tho thiab cov phab ntsa hauv qhov dej. Qhov no pab tiv thaiv kev hnav thiab tsim kua muag ntawm txoj hlua laum, txo cov torque xav tau los tig txoj hlua tho, thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev txav ntawm txoj hlua tho hauv qhov dej. Mineral roj, hluavtaws esters, thiab surfactants yog siv los ua lubricants hauv cov dej drilling.

3.2 Cement Additives

• Kev nrawm: Accelerators ntxiv rau cov cement slurry kom ceev lub sij hawm teem ntawm cov cement. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, xws li thaum yuav tsum tau cementing ceev kom tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm qhov dej los yog rov pib ua haujlwm drilling sai. Calcium chloride yog ib qho accelerator siv hauv cementing. Nws reacts nrog cov cement Cheebtsam, txhawb kev tsim cov khoom hydration thiab accelerating lub hardening txheej txheem.
• Retarders: Retarders yog siv los ua kom qeeb lub sijhawm ntawm cov cement. Qhov no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum kev ua haujlwm cementing yog qhov nyuaj thiab xav tau sijhawm ntxiv rau kev siv cov cement slurry rau hauv qhov dej. Lignosulfonates thiab qee cov organic acids feem ntau yog siv los ua retarders. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov cement particles, ncua kev tiv thaiv hydration thiab ncua sijhawm teem sijhawm
• Dispersants: Dispersants ntxiv rau cov cement slurry los txhim kho nws cov flowability. Lawv pab txo cov viscosity ntawm cov cement slurry, tso cai rau nws kom yooj yim dua los ntawm lub qhov dej. Polycarboxylate - raws li polymers yog dav siv los ua dispersants hauv cementing. Lawv adsorb rau saum npoo ntawm cov cement hais, tiv thaiv particle agglomeration thiab txhim kho fluidity ntawm slurry.

3.3 Lwm yam tshuaj

• Corrosion Inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitors yog siv los tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm txoj hlua laum, casing, thiab lwm yam hlau Cheebtsam hauv lub qhov dej. Lub xub ntiag ntawm dej, oxygen, thiab acidic gases (xws li carbon dioxide thiab hydrogen sulfide) nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej yuav ua rau corrosion. Organic compounds xws li imidazolines thiab amines feem ntau yog siv los ua corrosion inhibitors. Lawv tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau nto, tiv thaiv kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom corrosive nrog cov hlau
• Cov kab mob: Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntxiv rau cov kua dej drilling thiab cov cement slurry los tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Qee cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv hlau thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov dej drilling thiab cov cement. Cov tshuaj chlorine-based compounds thiab quaternary ammonium compounds yog siv los ua cov kab mob bactericides. Lawv tua los yog inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua haujlwm drilling.

4. Xaus

Cov txheej txheem drilling yog ntau theem ua haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo npaj thiab ua tiav. Cov tshuaj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem drilling, txij thaum pib drilling mus rau qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov dej. Drilling kua additives pab tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov dej drilling, cov cement additives xyuas kom zoo thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov cement, thiab lwm yam tshuaj xws li corrosion inhibitors thiab bactericides tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev ua haujlwm drilling. Kev xaiv kom raug thiab siv cov tshuaj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb, ua haujlwm zoo, thiab ua tiav cov haujlwm drilling.